Cooling System

Thermal balance and cooling-water flow rate.

Input

Cycle time s

Alloy density kg/m³

Casting volume m³

Latent heat kJ/kg

Cp J/kg·K

Pour temperature °C

Die temperature °C

Water ΔT °C

Cooling water velocity m/s

Cooling channel dia. mm

Note — First-order thermal-balance estimate; calibrate with real machine data.